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Farms, cannabis, and manufacturing

Farm income averaging, commodity and conservation payments, and equipment; section 280E for cannabis businesses; and inventory, UNICAP, research credits, and equipment for manufacturers.

33 guides, each written by a CPA licensed in the US and Canada.

US Tax

Cannabis COGS Calculation: What Costs Can You Actually Include?

COGS is the only number that reduces a cannabis business's taxable income under 280E. The IRS requires cannabis businesses.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Cannabis Entity Structure: LLC, S-Corp, or C-Corp Under 280E?

280E makes cannabis entity selection fundamentally different from other industries.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Cannabis IRS Audit Risk: Why the Industry Gets Extra Scrutiny

Cannabis businesses face elevated IRS audit risk from the combination of cash-intensive operations, 280E complexity, and limited banking access.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Cannabis Payroll and Employment Tax Under IRC 280E

Which payroll costs can a cannabis business deduct?

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Cannabis Real Estate and Leasing: Tax Treatment Under IRC 280E

How IRC 280E affects leasing vs. owning a cannabis facility, and why a separate real estate holding company can preserve deductions.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Cannabis State Tax: Conformity, Excise Taxes, and Multistate Complexity

State tax treatment of cannabis businesses varies dramatically. Some states conform to IRC 280E and deny deductions at the state level, doubling the pain.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Cannabis Tax Under IRC 280E: Why You Cannot Deduct Normal Business Expenses

IRC 280E denies all ordinary business deductions for cannabis businesses trafficking in Schedule I substances. The only offset is cost of goods sold.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Commodity Hedging and Futures Contracts: Tax Treatment for Farmers

How farmers report commodity hedging transactions, the IRC 1221(a)(7) hedging exception for ordinary treatment. Commodity futures are normally Section.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Common Farm Tax Deductions: Seed, Feed, Fertilizer, Fuel, Labor, and the Prepaid Supplies Rule

Farm expenses are deductible under the same ordinary-and-necessary standard as any other business, but Schedule F has its own reporting quirks.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Conservation Easements on Farmland: The Tax Deduction and Its Risks

A qualified conservation contribution under IRC 170(h) allows a farmer to deduct the value of development rights permanently given up on farmland.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Cost Segregation for Manufacturing Facilities: Reclassify Building Components and Accelerate Depreciation

Manufacturing plants contain specialized electrical, HVAC, flooring, cranes, and pollution control equipment that can be reclassified from 39-year to 5.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Crop Insurance Proceeds and Disaster Payments: Tax Treatment and Deferral

How crop insurance indemnities and USDA disaster payments are taxed, and how the IRC 451(f) deferral election lets cash-basis farmers postpone the income.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Entity Structure for Manufacturing Businesses: LLC, S-Corp, or C-Corp?

How to choose the right entity structure for a manufacturing business, comparing C-Corp retained earnings, S-Corp QBI deduction, LLC flexibility.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Farm Entity Structure: Choosing Between Sole Proprietorship, LLC, S-Corp, and Partnership for Your Farm

The right entity structure for a farm depends on the owner's goals: self-employment tax reduction, liability protection, succession planning.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Farm Equipment Depreciation: Section 179, Bonus Depreciation, and MACRS

How to depreciate farm equipment using Section 179 expensing, 100% bonus depreciation, and MACRS recovery periods for tractors, combines.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Farm Estate Planning: Special Use Valuation, Installment Payments, and Succession

How IRC 2032A special use valuation and IRC 6166 installment payments keep the family farm intact through estate tax planning.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Farm Hobby Loss Rules: How the IRS Decides and How to Defend Your Deductions

How IRC 183 hobby loss rules apply to farming operations, the 3-of-5-year presumption (2 of 7 for horses), the nine-factor profit motive test.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Farm Income Averaging with Schedule J: How to Smooth Out Tax Spikes

How IRC 1301 farm income averaging lets farmers spread a high-income year over three prior years to reduce the marginal tax rate, with worked examples.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Farm Land Improvements: Drainage, Irrigation, and Soil Conservation Tax Deductions

How to deduct drainage tile, irrigation systems, land clearing, and soil conservation expenses under IRC 175 and IRC 180.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

International Tax for Manufacturers: IC-DISC, FDII, Transfer Pricing, and Export Incentives

U.S. manufacturers who export can cut their effective tax rate using an IC-DISC or the FDII deduction.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Manufacturing Equipment Depreciation: Section 179, Bonus Depreciation, and MACRS Classes for Heavy Machinery

How manufacturers depreciate equipment under MACRS, claim Section 179 expensing up to $2,560,000.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Manufacturing Inventory Accounting and UNICAP: What IRC 263A Requires You to Capitalize

How UNICAP rules under IRC 263A force manufacturers to capitalize direct and indirect costs into inventory, the simplified production method.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Manufacturing Sales and Use Tax Exemptions: Machinery, Raw Materials, and Utilities

Sales and use tax is a state-level concern, but for manufacturers it is one of the largest and most audit-prone areas of state tax compliance.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Manufacturing Tax Deductions: What Expenses Can You Write Off and What Must Be Capitalized?

A complete guide to tax deductions for manufacturers, including raw materials, labor, equipment, UNICAP capitalization rules under IRC 263A.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Renewable Energy Tax Credits for Farmers: Solar, Wind, Biofuel, and More

Tax credits available to farmers for solar panels, wind turbines, biofuel production, and other renewable energy investments under the IRA and current law.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Retirement Plans for Farm Owners: SEP IRA, Solo 401(k), and Defined Benefit Options for Farmers

Farm owners can shelter significant income through retirement plans. The three most common retirement plans for farm owners are the SEP IRA (contributions.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Retirement Plans for Manufacturers: 401(k), Cash Balance, and Cross-Tested Plans for a Mixed Workforce

Manufacturing businesses with highly compensated owners and lower-paid production workers need a retirement plan that maximizes owner contributions while.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Schedule F for Farmers: Reporting Farm Income and Expenses

How to report farm income and deduct ordinary and necessary expenses on Schedule F, including the cash vs accrual method choice and prepaid supply rules.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Self-Employment Tax on Farm Income: How Farmers Pay Into Social Security and Medicare

Farmers pay self-employment tax on Schedule F net profit, but they have access to special rules that other self-employed taxpayers.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Tax Planning for Ancillary Cannabis Businesses: How to Avoid the 280E Trap

Ancillary cannabis businesses are not subject to IRC 280E. Learn how consulting firms, equipment suppliers, landlords. Ancillary cannabis businesses.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Tax Treatment of Livestock for Farmers: Raised vs Purchased, Depreciation, and Sale

- Raised livestock has a zero basis. All costs (feed, vet, labor) were deducted on Schedule F as incurred, so there is nothing left to capitalize.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

The R&D Tax Credit for Manufacturers: IRC 41 Qualification, Calculation, and the Return of Immediate Expensing

How manufacturers qualify for the R&D tax credit under IRC 41, the four-part test, qualified research expenses. - The R&D tax credit under IRC 41.

Sep 4, 2026
US Tax

Workers' Compensation and Workplace Safety Deductions for Manufacturers

Workers' comp premiums, OSHA compliance costs, safety equipment, and self-insured reserves are all deductible for manufacturers.

Sep 4, 2026

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